@techreport{oai:agi.repo.nii.ac.jp:00000261,
 author = {Vu, Manh Tien and ヴ, マン・ティエン},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {This report presents the research results implemented during April 1, 2019 to March 31, 2020 of the Research Project on “Extreme Weather and Human capital Development in Vietnam”. The project is to investigate the impact of weather and extreme weather on human capital.
I conduct analysis on a Mathematic score census of approximately 1 million Vietnamese test takers who participated in the National Entrance Exams in 2009 in association with the corresponding weather conditions. The Mathematic test score best measures human capital because the subject was taught continuously from Grade 1 to Grade 12. I examine the effects of two important weather conditions to the Mathematic test scores. One is the accumulated harsh weather (extreme rainfalls and drought) happened during high school time of each student. The other is the weather condition on the test date at the test site.
Using individual first difference, I find that the maximum temperature of the day,
30 to 32°C (86-89.6°F), which is slightly below the usual average in all July between the years 1950-2009, benefitted examinees most. My analysis demonstrates that female testers were more vulnerable to harsh temperature and extreme weather but also more physically adaptive to temperature than males. Extreme weather occurring at the high school, especially during the school calendar, has a negative effect on the test scores.
The findings suggest several important policy implications for other countries and local governments as well. This is because the econometric method that controlled individual fixed effects would guarantee the validity of itsinferences to human race. More specifically, my findings imply that at the earliest, every school, especially at lower grades, should be installed with weather adaptation equipment to reduce the impact of harsh weather such as air-conditioners when the cost is bearable to available budget. The installation may be best applied to compulsory education because beneficiaries are the mass population and because this does not raise inequality in the society.
This work is supported by the project grant from the Asian Growth Research Institute; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI, grant number 18K12784; and research grant from Kyushu University.
I thank Higher Education Department, the Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam for publishing the data of test scores (2009 National Entrance Exams to University and College) for analysis and all related information in their website in 2009.
I acknowledge insightful comments and suggestions from Shinsuke Uchida, and participants from the 2019 Spring Meetings of the Japanese Economic Association, and the 14th Applied Econometrics Conference in Osaka University. I also thank the US National Centers for Environment Information and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for allowing me to use the Daily (Weather) Summaries.},
 title = {Weather and Human Capital: An Empirical Analysis in Vietnam},
 year = {2020}
}